{"id":95,"date":"2026-03-19T02:11:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-18T23:11:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/brokenlinguistics.com\/?p=95"},"modified":"2026-07-05T02:17:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-04T23:17:10","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%81%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/brokenlinguistics.com\/tr\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%81%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130rab'a Giri\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"

“\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a.”<\/p>Aleksandr Potebnya, 1835-1891, Rus-Ukraynal\u0131 dil bilimci.<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dili bir mimari yap\u0131ya benzetebiliriz. Tu\u011fla ve beton y\u0131\u011fmak, tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir bina olu\u015fturmaz. Bunun i\u00e7in mesafeleri ve a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen bir m\u00fchendislik plan\u0131 gerekir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k kelimeleri yan yana dizmek de tek ba\u015f\u0131na anlam olu\u015fturmaz. Kelimeler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczenleyen ve g\u00f6revlerini belirleyen sa\u011flam bir yap\u0131 gerekir. Bu dilsel yap\u0131 nahivdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsan dilleri baz\u0131 temel konularda birle\u015fir. Mesela \u00f6zne ile nesneyi ay\u0131r\u0131r. Zaman\u0131 ve say\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Fakat diller bu ili\u015fkileri kodlama bi\u00e7iminde ciddi \u015fekilde farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. \u0130ngilizce gibi dillerde bi\u00e7imsel kodlama zay\u0131ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden anlam \u00e7o\u011fu zaman de\u011fi\u015fmez bir kelime s\u0131ras\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Bu s\u0131ra genellikle SVO\u2019dur: \u00f6zne, fiil, nesne. Rus\u00e7a ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e gibi dillerde ise h\u00e2l sistemi daha belirgindir. Kelimelerin bi\u00e7imleri de\u011fi\u015fir. Sonlar\u0131na ekler gelir. Bu ekler \u00f6zneyi nesneden ay\u0131rmaya ve kelimenin c\u00fcmledeki g\u00f6revini g\u00f6stermeye yard\u0131m eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621”. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 (Morphology) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 ‘\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628’ \u0648’\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628’ \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 (Syntax) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130rab Nedir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u2018rab, kelimelerin sonunda g\u00f6r\u00fcnen harekelerden ibaret de\u011fildir. \u0130\u2018rab, anlam\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir kodlama sistemidir. \u0130\u2018rab harekesi, kelimenin g\u00f6revini belirleyen sebep de\u011fildir. O yaln\u0131zca bir i\u015faret ve aynad\u0131r. Mesela \u201cel-beytu\u201d kelimesini damme ref etmi\u015f de\u011fildir. Kelime, onu hakk\u0131nda haber verilen merkez h\u00e2line getiren bir etkene ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ref durumuna girmi\u015ftir. Yani m\u00fcbteda veya fail olmu\u015ftur. E\u011fer kelimenin yeri de\u011fi\u015fir ve ba\u015fka bir etkenin etkisine girerse, fiilden etkilenen \u015fey olur. Bu durumda \u201cel-beyte\u201d \u015feklinde fetha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Fetha bu yeni g\u00f6revin sebebi de\u011fildir. Onun sonucu ve i\u015faretidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201c\u0130\u2018rab, anlamlar\u0131 laf\u0131zlarla a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00e2le getirmektir.\u201d<\/p>\n\u0130bn Cinn\u00ee, el-Has\u00e2is.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Bu y\u00fczden harekeler, anlam ile s\u00f6z aras\u0131ndaki k\u00f6pr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rnek<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tek bir harekenin de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle anlam\u0131n nas\u0131l tamamen de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fine bak\u0131n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00fcmle<\/strong><\/td>\u0130\u2018rab durumu<\/strong><\/td>Anlam<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0646\u064e \u0632\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u0627\u064b!\/ M\u00e2 ahsene Zeyden!<\/strong><\/td>Nasb durumu<\/td>\u00dcnlem: Zeyd ne kadar da g\u00fczel\/iyi!<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0646\u064e \u0632\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064c.\/M\u00e2 ahsene Zeydun.<\/strong><\/td>Ref, yani ad durumu \/ Nominative<\/td>Olumsuzluk: Zeyd iyi etmedi.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 “\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b” \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 (\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064e \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 “\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064c” \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya Dillerine Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Bir Bak\u0131\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn diller, c\u00fcmledeki \u00f6gelerin g\u00f6revlerini ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir mekanizmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. Kim \u00f6zne? Fiilden kim etkileniyor? Baz\u0131 diller bunu kelime s\u0131ras\u0131yla yapar. \u0130ngilizce buna \u00f6rnektir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 eklerle yapar. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e buna \u00f6rnektir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise kelime sonlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Arap\u00e7a ve Rus\u00e7a buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dil<\/th>\u0130fade mekanizmas\u0131<\/th>H\u00e2l say\u0131s\u0131<\/th>Notlar<\/th><\/tr>
Arap\u00e7a<\/strong><\/td>\u0130rab harekeleri ve harfleri<\/td>\u0130simlerde 3\/ fiillerde 3<\/td>Her h\u00e2l geni\u015f bir anlam alan\u0131n\u0131 kapsar.<\/td><\/tr>
T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/strong><\/td>Son ekler<\/td>6 hal<\/td>Eklere dayanan olduk\u00e7a d\u00fczenli bit sistem<\/td><\/tr>
Rus\u00e7a<\/strong><\/td>\u00c7ekim<\/td>6 hal\/padej<\/td>Cinsiyet, say\u0131 ve canl\u0131l\u0131k durumundan etkilenir.<\/td><\/tr>
\u0130ngilizce<\/strong><\/td>Kelime s\u0131ras\u0131 ve edatlar<\/td>Neredeyse yok<\/td>Daha \u00e7ok zamirlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr: I \/ Me \/ My.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Arap\u00e7ada D\u00f6rt \u0130\u2018rab H\u00e2li<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. Ref (isim hali):<\/strong>   Merkezilik ve varl\u0131k\/olu\u015f durumu:<\/strong> \u0130smin, s\u00f6z\u00fcn oda\u011f\u0131 ve m\u00fcsned\u00fcn ileyh (h\u00fckm\u00fcn kendisine dayand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana \u00f6ge) oldu\u011fu durumdur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Nasb (-i hali):<\/strong>   etki ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm durumu:<\/strong> Bu durumda isim ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u0131yr\u0131larak fiilin etki alan\u0131na girer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Cerr:<\/strong>   \u0130yelik ve ili\u015fki:<\/strong> \u0130smin bir harf-i cer veya izafet (tamlama) vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ba\u015fka bir \u00f6geye ba\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Cezm:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639”. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629  <\/strong>  <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00e2llein Detaylar\u01311<\/a><\/sup><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Ref - Merkezilik ve \u0130snat Alan\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Ref, ismin yal\u0131n durumudur ve \u00fczerine nasb ya da cer edici bir \u00e2mil (etken) gelmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece bu hal \u00fczere kal\u0131r. Merfuat (ref durumundaki \u00f6geler) birka\u00e7 ana ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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      \n
    • Fail (\u00f6zne):<\/strong> Kendisine fiil isnat edilen ve eylemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ya da o eylemle nitelenen isimdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin: (\u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u062d\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e).  <\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628” \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Naib-i Fail (S\u00f6zde \u00d6zne)<\/strong> Edilgen \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131ndaki fail at\u0131l\u0131r, meful\u00fcn bih (nesne) onun yerine ge\u00e7erek ref durumunu al\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin: (\u0641\u064f\u062a\u0650\u062d\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064f) c\u00fcmlesindeki \u201cel-B\u00e2bu\u201d merfu bir naib-i faildir.  <\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628” \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • M\u00fcbteda ve Haber<\/strong> \u0130sim c\u00fcmlesinde her iki taraf da merfu olur; m\u00fcbteda kendisinden bahsedilen (\u00f6zne), haber ise onun hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren (y\u00fcklem) \u00f6gedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin: (\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0646\u064f\u0648\u0631\u064c) c\u00fcmlesindeki hem \u00f6zne hem y\u00fcklem ref durumunda<\/em>   <\/em> <\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • K\u00e2ne ve Karde\u015flerinin \u0130smi (\u00f6znesi)<\/strong> Bu nak\u0131s fiiller isim c\u00fcmlesinin ba\u015f\u0131na gelerek m\u00fcbteday\u0131 kendilerine isim yapar ve onu ref durumunda b\u0131rak\u0131rlar, haberi ise nasb ederler  <\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648” \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0130nne ve Karde\u015flerinin Haberi (y\u00fcklemi):<\/strong> Bu harfler ise aksine m\u00fcbteday\u0131 nasb eder, haberi ise ref durumuna getirir.  <\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639” \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Tevabi (Tabi Olanlar):<\/strong> S\u0131fat, tekit, bedel veya matuf gibi kategoriler, fark etmeksizin, irabda merfu bir ismi takip eden her isimdir. Tevabi yap\u0131sal olarak her zaman merfu de\u011fil, tabi oldu\u011fu kelimenin irab halini kopyalar. Bir \u00f6zne'nin s\u0131fat\u0131 merfu iken, bir nesnenin s\u0131fat\u0131 mansub olacak. \u00a0 <\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f” \u0646\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628”.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Nasb \u2014 Etki Alan\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Mansub isim, fiilin etki alan\u0131nda yer alan veya eylemin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen isimdir; bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm bir\u00e7ok kategoriyi kapsar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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      • Meful\u00fcn Bih (Nesne):<\/strong> ​  <\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a” \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Meful-\u00fc Mutlak:<\/strong> Fiili tekit etmek veya niteli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in getirilen mastard\u0131r. \u00d6rnek: (Darabtuhu darbeten haf\u00eefeten) <\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064b” \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Meful\u00fcn F\u00eeh (Zarf)<\/strong> Zaman ve mek\u00e2n zarflar\u0131; fiilin zaman veya mek\u00e2n \u00e7er\u00e7evesini belirler \u00d6rnek: (Celestu em\u00e2meke) \"\u00d6n\u00fcnde oturdum\"<\/em> ve (Ci'tu sab\u00e2han) \"Sabah geldim\".<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Meful\u00fcn Lieclih (Ama\u00e7 T\u00fcmleci):<\/strong> Fiilin hangi saikle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini ortaya koyar. \u00d6rnek: (Ci'tu taleben li'l-ilmi) \"\u0130lim talep etmek i\u00e7in geldim\"<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b” \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0626\u062a\u061f<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Meful\u00fcn Maah:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 “\u0645\u0639”. \u0646\u062d\u0648: \u00d6rnek: (Sirtu ve'n-nehra)<\/em> \"Nehrin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra (nehirle beraber) y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcm.\"<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Hal:<\/strong> Fiilin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi s\u0131rada sahibinin durumunu a\u00e7\u0131klar. \u00d6rnek: (Dehale't-t\u00e2libu mubtesimen) \"\u00d6\u011frenci g\u00fcl\u00fcmseyerek girdi\"<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b” \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u061f<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Temyiz<\/strong> Belirsiz bir isim veya kapal\u0131 bir orandaki belirsizli\u011fi kald\u0131ran isimdir. \u00d6rnek: (\u0130\u015ftereytu i\u015fr\u00eene kit\u00e2ben) \"Yirmi kitap sat\u0131n ald\u0131m\"<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b” \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • M\u00fcstesna:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0640”\u0625\u0644\u0627”. \u0646\u062d\u0648: (Hadara't-tull\u00e2bu ill\u00e2 t\u00e2liben) \"Bir \u00f6\u011frenci hari\u00e7 \u00f6\u011frenciler geldi\"<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0640”\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b” \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Tevabi (Tabi Olanlar):<\/strong>   Mansub bir isme ba\u011fl\u0131 tevabiler mansubtur<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Muzari Fiilin Nasb Edilmesi:<\/strong> Bu bab, nasb\u0131n vuku bulma ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme alan\u0131 de\u011fil, imk\u00e2n ve talik (ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k\/ask\u0131da kalma) alan\u0131 olma niteli\u011fini ortaya koyan babd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n

        Muzari fiil asl\u0131nda merfudur; yani \u015fimdiki zamanda veya gelecekte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir olay\u0131 ifade eder. (Yektubu't-t\u00e2libu) \"\u00d6\u011frenci yaz\u0131yor\" dedi\u011finde<\/em>\u015fuan ya da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi beklenen bir vakay\u0131 haber vermi\u015f olursun. Ancak ba\u015f\u0131na bir n\u00e2sib (nasb edat\u0131) geldi\u011finde, fiil haber d\u00fczeyinden olas\u0131l\u0131k ve gaye d\u00fczeyine iner; yani ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi tasvir etmekten, hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f olan\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmeye do\u011fru d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

        \u0130\u015fte burada nasb\u0131n anlam\u0131 belli olur: ref, varolu\u015f iken<\/strong> \u2014yani mevcut ve sabit olan\u2014 nasb ise, olu\u015f\/s\u00fcre\u00e7 dilidir<\/strong> yani umulan, \u00e7ekinilen veya \u015fart ko\u015fulan. Nasb edatlar\u0131 bu y\u00f6nelimi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yans\u0131t\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • “\u0623\u0646”<\/strong> fiili ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f bir vakadan ziyade tasavvur edilen bir hadiseye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr: (Ur\u00eedu en ete'alleme) \"\u00d6\u011frenmek istiyorum\"<\/em>\u2014 burada \u00f6\u011frenme, iradede mevcuttur, hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7eklikte vuku bulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “\u0644\u0646”<\/strong> iili gelecekte olumsuzlar ve onu kesin bir yokluk dairesine yerle\u015ftirir: (Len eter\u00e2ca'a) \"Asla geri ad\u0131m atmayaca\u011f\u0131m\"<\/em>\u2014 hen\u00fcz vakti gelmemi\u015f bir hadisenin kesin olumsuzlanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “\u0643\u064a” \u0648”\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644”<\/strong> fiili kendisinden zaman olarak sonra gelecek bir gayeye ba\u011flar: (Ci'tu li-ete'alleme) \"\u00d6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in geldim\"<\/em>\u2014 burada \u00f6\u011frenmek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen vaka de\u011fil, ula\u015f\u0131lacak sonu\u00e7tur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “\u062d\u062a\u0649”<\/strong> mansub fiili kendisinden \u00f6ncekinin gayesi veya sonu k\u0131lar: (Se-es'\u00e2 hatt\u00e2 eblu\u011fa'l-g\u00e2yete) \"Amaca ula\u015f\u0131ncaya dek \u00e7abalayaca\u011f\u0131m.\"<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • “\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629” \u0648”\u0648\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629”<\/strong> bir talebin (emir, yasak veya soru) cevab\u0131nda gelerek sonucu \u00f6ncesindeki h\u00fckme ba\u011flar: (\u0130'tin\u00ee fe-ukrimeke) \"Bana gel ki sana ikram edeyim\/h\u00fcrmet g\u00f6stereyim\"<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Dikkat edilirse burada nasb, fiili kesip bitirmekten ziyade onu a\u00e7\u0131k bir zaman uzam\u0131nda ask\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131r. Mansub fiil hen\u00fcz kapanmam\u0131\u015f bir fiildir; i\u015fte tam da bu, nasb\u0131 beklentinin, iradenin ve gayenin alan\u0131 k\u0131lan \u015feydir. Bu, insan\u0131n var olan\u0131 a\u015f\u0131p olmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fine y\u00f6neldi\u011fi dildir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

          Cerr \u2014 \u0130li\u015fki ve \u0130yelik Alan\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Cerr, ismi c\u00fcmledeki \u00e7evresindeki \u00f6gelerle ili\u015fkilendiren haldir; fiiller mecrur olmaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc fiiller zaman i\u00e7inde vuku bulan olaylard\u0131r. Cerr ise nispet, izafet ve taalluk alan\u0131d\u0131r; bu ili\u015fkiler ancak isimler aras\u0131nda ya da isim ile fiili aras\u0131nda bir arac\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla kurulur. Cerr iki \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n